Road congestion pricing in Singapore: 1975 to 2003.

Abstract

Facing traffic congestion in the Central Business District and enormous demands on scarce land resources by the growing number of motor vehicles, Singapore, a small island city-state the size of Seattle, embarked on a bold decision to reduce road congestion by implementing

the famous Area Licensing Scheme in 1975. This was a manual system of tolls for multiple entries into the Restricted Zone. While achieving the intended effect of cutting down on the volume of vehicular traffic in the Restricted Zone, the authors (and others) found that the problem of congestion had merely shifted in time and place. Many changes were implemented, including shoulder pricing (reduced tolls before and after the peak period) to even out traffic flows in 1994, and the Weekend Car Scheme (1991) and Off Peak Car Scheme (1994) to encourage people to use the roads during off-peak hours. The Road Pricing Scheme was introduced in 1995 on a congested highway to familiarize the public with linear passage tolls.

In 1998, Singapore discarded the manual system of road pricing in favor of Electronic Road Pricing, which permitted the charging of tolls per entry, based on vehicle size, route taken, and time of the day. This article traces the rationale for the various measures and discusses the successes and shortcomings for the various measures over a twenty-eight year period from 1975 to 2003.

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Singapore is an island city-state, about 685 square km in area, strategically located at the crossroads of commerce and tourism at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. With a population of around 4.17 million, it has a very high population density of about 6,086 persons per square km. Economic growth has been impressive over the past three decades, averaging about 8 percent per year. Singapore's per capita gross domestic product in 2002 was S$37,333 or US$20,856 (where US$1 = S$1.79), a level comparable to that of the United States and most western countries. From a transportation perspective, this economic success has not come without a price. Because the country is hot and humid, the demand for air-conditioned private transportation is very high and income-elastic.

To allocate rights to car ownership and usage, Singapore has combined market mechanisms with taxation and active restrictions designed to contain traffic congestion. The rationale for such an approach is simple: Roads already constitute 12 percent of the island's area, about the same percentage as housing, so room for continued expansion is clearly limited.