The Three Ps of Procurement

Every procurement, whether large or small, begins with a planning phase. On one hand, guidelines for procurement planning differ slightly, based on the agency procuring the goods or services, as well as the complexity of the procurement itself. Nevertheless, regardless of whether the procurement is estimated at over $1 million or under $100,000, a contracting officer should keep in mind the three Ps of the procurement process: Planning, Participation, and Protection.

Prudent Planning Sets the Stage

The federal government procurement process1 involves multiple steps, starting with an analysis of the agency's needs and whether any limitations infringe on meeting those requirements. For example, agencies may only conduct procurements as permitted under authorization acts and appropriation acts (such as limitations on money or subject matter). In addition, an agency must have funds available to proceed with the procurement, as outlined in Article I, Section 9, Clause 7 of the Constitution and the Anti-Deficiency Act (31 U.S.C., Section 1341). This legislation prohibits obligating funds before Congress has appropriated the amount.