Chinese bourgeois nationalism in Hong Kong and Singapore in the 1930s (1).

On 3 June 1919, nine students of the Hong Kong's Tao Ying High School walked down the street with their black umbrellas open. On that sunny morning, the attention of passers-by was drawn to the two Chinese characters marked on the umbrellas: "national products" (guo huo). Police arrested the students and charged them with not registering their social gathering in advance (Wat Tsz Yat Po [WTYP], 9 June 1919).

This was among the first anti-Japanese agitations conducted in Hong Kong in the aftermath of the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement earlier that year. In early May